The Review By Rodrigo Perez Of Quentin Terentino s Django...

The review written by Rodrigo Perez of Quentin Terentino’s Django Unchained, is excellent and very well written. However, the review makes a mockery of one of Terentino’s best films. Quentin Terentino is a popular film maker. He has made films including: Pulp Fiction, Django Unchained, Hateful 8, Kill Bill, Reservoir Dogs, and many more. Django Unchained is about a slave named Django who is purchased by bounty hunter, Dr. Shultz. Dr. Shultz takes Django under his wing to help him along the way. In return for Django’s help, Dr. Shultz will help him find his wife, Broomhilda, who is working as a servant at the ‘Candieland’ plantation in Mississippi. To purchase Broomhilda, Django and Dr. Shultz pretend they are interested in Mandingo fighting. They tell Mr. Calvin Candie, owner of ‘Candieland’ that they want to purchase one his best fighters which gets him interested in working business with them. Their plan is to travel to Mississippi and get Broomhilda as well. Right as the purchase is about to happen, Dr. Shultz gets greedy and everything goes awry. This three hour comedic drama pulls the audience in with gruesome battle scenes and its well timed humor. â€Å"Django Unchained† was produced well and is one of Terentino’s best. Not everyone agrees with this though. For example, there are many reviews written that find the movie boring and pointless. The review of Django Unchained by Rodrigo Perez is a harsh review to a film that is an exemplary example of the work by Quentin

Baroque Music Free Essays

According to Craig Wright, â€Å"â€Å"baroque† is the term used to describe the art, architecture, dance and music of the period 1600 to 1750 (Wright, 97). † The sound has been described as â€Å"rough, bold [and] instrumental† (Ibid). Originally, the term â€Å"baroque† was pejorative (Ibid). We will write a custom essay sample on Baroque Music or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of the main traits of baroque art and architecture, that extends itself to the music of the period, is massiveness. Everything in baroque society was larger than life. Grandiose was also a term that was used to define the music of the period. With this grandiosity was also an attention to detail that showed itself in â€Å"vigorous, pulsating rhythms with strong, regular beats and many smaller subdivisions (Ibid). † During the baroque period, there was much development and innovation in the field of music. During this time, three musical forms developed and reached their zenith, the Baroque Opera, Concerto Grosso, and the Cantata. These three forms were best represented by Claudio Monteverdi, Antonio Vivaldi, and Johann Sebastian Bach. The first form that came to innovation was the Baroque Opera. This was best exemplified by the operas of Claudio Monteverdi. One of his operas was The Coronation of Poppea. In it, you hear the swelling melodies and subtle undertones that define baroque music. Though it is one of Monteverdi’s last compositions, many critics view it as one of his best, sowing the seeds for all future Italian opera. Tim Smith of the Baltimore Sun notes that â€Å"[t]his is a pinnacle of early baroque style (Smith, 2009). † Craig Wright states that Monteverdi and other composers of early opera used a particular style to convey heightened passions. It was a â€Å"new, more expressive and flexible style of solo singing for the stage called stile rappresentativo (Wright, 107). † This form allowed the singer to move from one mood to another without alerting the viewer to the subtle changes in mood. This was a key component of baroque music, as one of the key aims of baroque is to create emotion in the listener and to give a sense of grandness to the vocal production. Eventually, â€Å"stile rappresentativo would soon be transformed into two different and contrasting types of vocal writing, recitative and aria (Ibid). † The second form of baroque music that emerged during this time period was concerto grosso. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, concerto grosso was â€Å"characterized by a contrast between a small group of soloists and the full orchestra (Britannica, 2009). It flourished eventually as secular music for the royal court (Ibid). Britannica says that the typical â€Å"instrumentation†¦was that of the trio sonata (Ibid). † It consisted of two violins, a bass string instrument and a harmonizing instrument like a harpsichord. â€Å"Wind instruments were also common (Ibid). † The number of movements for the concerto varied depending on the composer. Some had three movements, others had four. The fast movements â€Å"often used a ritornello structure, in which a recurrent section, or ritornello, alternates with episodes, or contrasting sections played by soloists (Ibid). † The composer best known for this form was Antonio Vivaldi. Vivaldi’s greatest concertos are the series known as the Four Seasons. More than 150 recordings have been made of the Four Seasons alone. In his works, you can hear the melodies and subtleties that make up baroque music. The final form of music that was developed during this time was the cantata. The cantata was a form first used by the Italians, and was later adopted by Johann Sebastian Bach. Though Bach never called them cantatas, they were considered such due to their structure. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, Bach rejected calling his works cantatas because that connoted secular music, and if there was something that Bach was not, it was secular. When one listens to Bach’s music, one can hear the massiveness of the sound that is obviously designed for a church and for a multi-voiced orchestra. Under Bach, â€Å"the music of the Baroque reaches its greatest glory (Wright, 127). † He was a great virtuoso on the organ, studying his craft by listening to others and even traveling hundreds of miles just to hear a performance. He was a composer of church music, and later became a court conductor. One of Bach’s greatest known cantatas is a seven-movement work known as Awake, a Voice is Calling. It is a more formalized structure, with movements one, four, and seven being choruses, movements two and five being recitatives and movements three and six aria duets. This piece is a chorale piece, which is a spiritual melody or religious folk song (Ibid). The Baroque period, while a young period in musical history is full of new and innovative developments. The opera, the concerto grasso, and the cantata are all innovative developments in music that show us how our rich musical history developed and changed over the hundreds of years that we have been maintaining our musical heritage. We need to embrace and encourage our musical growth and musical challenges so we may continue to grow as a culture and as a society. Works Cited â€Å"Cantata. † Encyclopedia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. 18 Apr 2009. http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/93023/cantata. â€Å"Concerto Grosso. † Encyclopedia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. 18 Apr 2009. http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/131094/concerto-grosso. Smith, Tim. â€Å"Opera Vivente tackles timeless ‘Coronation of Poppea’. † Baltimore Sun 09 Mar 2009 Web. 18 Apr 2009. http://weblogs. baltimoresun. com/entertainment/classicalmusic/2009/03/opera_vi vente_tackles_timeless. html. Wright, Craig. Listening to Music. Second Edition. St. Paul: West Publishing, 1996. Print. Josquin Desprez was a giant of Renaissance music. According to Craig Wright, he was the greatest composer of the Renaissance or any age. He was born on the border between modern France and Belgium and died in the same region. He was attracted to Italy for the same reason many other composers were attracted to the region—professional and monetary gain (Wright, 86). He worked consistently as a singer at the cathedral of Milan, the chapel of a cardinal in Rome, the Sistine Chapel of the pope, and in the chapel of the Duke of Ferrara. According to Wright, he â€Å"possessed a temperamental, egotistical spirit typical of many artists of the Renaissance: He composed only when he, not his patron wished; he demanded a salary twice that of composers only slightly less gifted; and he would break into a rage when singers tried to tamper with the notes he had written (86). † One patron threatened to throw him in prison if he did not stop composing for outside clients, yet he was recognized for his genius. He was praised by contemporary humanists of the time, and he was a favorite of Martin Luther, who said in essence, that Josquin mastered the notes; the notes did not master him (Ibid). â€Å"Josquin wrote more than twenty settings of the Ordinary of the Mass and a large number of French chansons (Ibid). † According to Wright, he especially excelled in a form called the motet. A motet is a composition written for a choir, setting a Latin text on a sacred subject. It was intended to be sung in a church or chapel or at home in a private devotion. Most were sung a capella, which literally means â€Å"in the chapel (Ibid). † This means that they were performed by voice alone, without any instrumentals. Instruments other than the organ were not allowed in churches during the Renaissance (Ibid). This clean, a capella sound accounted for the â€Å"often serene quality of the sound of Renaissance sacred music (Ibid). † Wright states that the Renaissance is often called â€Å"the golden age of a capella singing (Ibid). † It is in this setting that Josquin wrote Mille Regretz, a beautiful a capella piece that brings male and female voices together in harmony. The male and female voices play off each other, pulling the listener into the music and the gentle harmonies that are displayed. Josquin’s talent is evident, as the music has clean lines and tones, and the notes are precise and well-toned to blend together flawlessly. The first voices you hear are the male and female voices in harmony, and then it seems as if the female voice takes over, but there is a subtle bass to the tones, then the men dominate the piece while the women play a supporting role. Next the men and women are in harmony together, blending and rising their voices in a slightly mournful tune reminiscent of the Ave Maria. This piece speaks very well to the time period in which it was written. Mille Regretz means â€Å"A Thousand Regrets† in Italian, and it would seem as though this religious piece plays to the penance one would have to pay for their sins. There is a great emphasis placed on the polyphonic nature of the tones, and the multitonalism that results from the blending of the voices; all characteristic of Renaissance religious music. This piece probably represents Josquin at his height, as a power player in the courts and chapels of Italy. Listening to this piece, there is no reason to doubt his standing as one of the premier composers of his day, and this piece attests to it. This has the a capella quality that was desirous in Renaissance music, and there are few voices involved, which means that it was most likely meant for a small chapel and not for a grand cathedral. Josquin accomplished his goal of creating peaceful, religious music that soothes the soul and easily defined the time period in which it was popular. Then there is the quality of imitation involved. Josquin used this technique often. Imitation is a process â€Å"whereby one or more voices duplicate in turn the notes of a melody (Ibid). † You can clearly hear the imitation by the male and female voices as they move through the piece. In Josquin’s imitative writing, all the voices have a chance to equally present the melodic material and all are of equal importance (Ibid). You can also clearly hear the â€Å"point-counterpoint† pattern in the singing that is common when the voices are working together to compliment each other. The sound produced would, on paper, appear to be discordant, but is far from such, as the â€Å"point-counterpoint† creates a harmony that belies what is placed on the paper. The voices work smoothly together to create a cohesive whole, so the piece comes together as a masterwork. Josquin’s work was a sublime effort despite his temperamental soul. Though he may have been tormented by having to achieve perfection, his works show he did just that. We can look at his music and clearly see the liturgical future that music took. He was a pioneer in sacred music, and his contributions must continue to be appreciated for how it speaks to us and our musical future. Works Cited Wright, Craig. Listening to Music. Second Edition. St. Paul: West Publishing, 1996. Print. How to cite Baroque Music, Papers

International Trade Law for Vienna Convention- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theInternational Trade Law for Vienna Convention. Answer: Facts In the Scenario, Cherry Cherries PL enters a contract for sale with fresh fruit importers who are based in Singapore. The contract provides that the goods will be shipped, and they will arrive in Singapore in less than two weeks. The cherries are loaded to the Keraisa by 30th of November. But keraisa agreed to ship mangoes for another company, who arrive late and it takes time to clear at the port. They hope to arrive at Singapore port by 15th of December and set sail on 3rd of December. One of the refrigeration units is powered off when the generators are blown by the storm. The main generators have been efficient, that no one has ever bothered to fix the backup generators. The keraisa finally limps the port of Singapore in the 19th of December with a quarter of the cherries having not been refrigerated for our days. They are below premium quality but still edible. It takes three days to clear at the port in Singapore; hence the cherries are not available until the 22nd of December. CCPL considers delay to be FFIL's fault for not making proper arrangement with the customs clearance. The Vienna convention International Sale of Goods Act 198 application in the contract for sale and Carriage. The Vienna Convention on International Sale of Goods 1980 In Article 1 of the convention provides the scope as parties contracting from different states. The convention applies to sale of goods contracts. The convention excludes sales services or sales to consumers'. The convention applies to contracts concluded after offer and acceptance. Just like the above agreement, both parties reach an agreement for sale[1]. Article 6 (1)[2] asserts that risk passes to the buyer when they take control of the goods[3] or when they take possession of the goods. In the above scenario, the risk is passed when the goods are loaded to the Keraisa on 30th of November. The first risk passes as soon as the commodities are accepted. In a situation where the buyer does not take delivery on the accepted date but goods were delivered, risk passes to the buyer[4]. In the scenario above, as much as the goods are not shipped immediately due to the delays due to the mangoes' shipment, the risk already passed. Similarly, when the goods arrive at the port, the risk further passes to FFIL, because they were responsible for ensuring clearance was made as early as possible. FFIL did not make such arrangements, and delays further occurred. 6 (2) [5]provides that risk is passed when its time for delivery. Most of the time risk passes when goods are the buyer's possession, in this case, FFIL. In the above scenario, CCPL wants to recover the $75000 it has lost from either of the parties. This loss can be attributed to the spoilt cherries. We see negligence largely on the part of the FAEE, one for delaying the shipment to 3rd of December and for not ensuring their refrigeration was properly maintained. The risk Passes to them when they take possession of the goods, and they do not take due diligence to ensure the cherries are not spoilt. of the shipment is rejected by FFIL because they were not of premium quality. The shipment arrives with the quarter already spoilt, which is not FFIL's fault but rather spoilt due to lack of refrigeration for four days. FAEE could be solely liable for the damages if the rejected is due to lack of refrigeration. However, if CCPL proves that the three-day delay affected the cherries, they FFIL can be liable to pay to the extent of their contribution to the negligence. However, from the facts, we can see that FAEE are mostly negligent, and they are the ones who should be held liable for damages, for the 3day delay and not properly maintaining the necessary pieces of equipment to ensure proper storage on transit. FAEE should be held liable. CIF Incoterms 2010 on the responsibilities of the parties The CIF Incoterms require that the seller covers their freight by insuring it by at least 110%[6]. The CIF covers the risk, pricing and leveraging responsibility in the agreement. CIF is also used in sea freight which is not in a container. The Incoterms require that the seller delivers the good to the vessel and covers the risks during carriage. Such risks include losses or damages. The buyer's responsibility is to import and export clearance[7]. Based on the CIF Incoterms responsibilities, the risks passed on during shipment will be covered by the insurance company; however, because the buyer is not diligent on clearance FFIL could be liable for damages. If the spoiling of the cherries is attributed to the process of shipment, the risk will be covered by the insurance hence the insurance might pay for the $75000. What role do the Amended Hague Rules (as per COGSA 1991 (Cth) Australia) have the problem? The Hague rules apply to this contract because it applies to contracts of carriage by sea. It applies to contracts from any part of Australia to other parts of Australia. It applies only to carriages covered under the bill lading according to Article 1 (b)[8]. The bill of lading is evidence that the shipper received the goods. Article 3 (1) of the Act requires that the shipper exercises due diligence to ensure that the ship is seaworthy and appropriately eqquiped. The shipper is also required to cool chambers and where goods are carried is properly maintained and suitable for carriage. The carrier on part 2 of the article is required to properly load and discharge the goods. Article 3 (8) [9]provides that agreements' made to discharge the carrier from liability due to negligent is null and void. The section further provides that if there is insurance which benefits the carrier, shall relieve the carrier from liability. If damage or loss is cause sea unworthiness, the carrier or the s hip should not be held liable according to Article 4. With the Hague rules, ignoring the insurance, the carriers are liable due to negligence[10]. Despite the fact that the failure of a refrigerator was caused by the storm which affected the generator, they still did not take adequate steps to ensure refrigerators were working. They did not properly maintain the spare generator to ensure that incase of failure the other one is used. They did not exhaust their resources to ensure that all parts of the carriage were safe and fit for carriage of goods. Therefore, in the absence of insurance claims, the Carriers are liable for the losses incurred when of the cherries are spoilt. How the parties can resolve the dispute When the Vienna convention is applied, the aggrieved party in this case due to a fundamental breach can seek specific damages for the 75,000 from FFIL and FAEE in proportions to their contribution to the losses. When CIF Incoterms are used to distribute costs, then CCPL can claim damages for risk from the insurer for the $75, 000. However, when the Hague rules are applied in absence of the insurance, the carriers will be liable to pay for th $75,000. This is because ethe hagure rules hold the carriers liable for negligence[11]. Bibliography Articles/Books/Reports Bianca, Cesare Massimo, Michael Joachim Bonell, and J. Barrera Graf.Commentary on the International Sales Law: The 1980 Vienna Sales Convention. Giuffr, 1987. Burnett, Robin, and Vivienne Bath.Law of international business in Australasia. Federation Press, 2009. Fawcett, James, Jonathan Harris, and Michael Bridge. "International sale of goods in the conflict of laws."OUP Catalogue(2005). Gillies, Peter, and Gabril Moens.International Trade Business Law Policy. Routledge, 1998. John Livermore.Transport law in Australia. Kluwer Law International, 2011. Malbon, Justin, and Bernard Bishop.Australian Export. Cambridge University Press, 2014. Yancey, Benjamin W. "Carriage of Goods: Hague, Cogsa, Visby, and Hamburg."Tul. L. Rev.57 (1982): 1238. Legislation Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1991, Amended Hague Rules (as per COGSA 1991) Treaties The Vienna Convention on The International Sale of Goods, opened for signature on 11 of April 1980, (entered into force on 1 January 1988). Other Cost Insurance and Freight (CIF) incoterms 2010.

Movie Analysis - Sand Pebbles Essays - First Opium War, Smuggling

Movie Analysis - Sand Pebbles The movie Sand Pebbles focus was on the flag. The flag was not only a symbol of a nation, but of nationalism, militarism and imperialism. During the 1800's and early 1900's there was a severe foreign influence in China. During this time period the European nations wanted to trade with the Chinese, but the Chinese had no interest in the European products for at the time China was self sufficient. The European nations in order to keep from losing all of the money to the Chinese decide that they would start an Opium trade them. Against the wishes of the China, the European nations continued to sell the Opium to the Chinese. Finally war erupted because of this. The European nations were victorious in a series of Opium Wars against China. From these Opium Wars many treaties in the favor of the west were signed which gave those European nations greater access to China. After the European nations, got their peace of China so did the United States. Soon after the United States defeated the Spanish in the Spanish American War, the United States received the Philippines from the Spanish. With that the United States declared the Open Door Policy, which all of the European nations accepted. Now in China it was not only the European nations, but also the Untied States. The Chinese flags were a symbol of nationalism, of their nationalism. That they were their own nation. It was a reassurance of their own nationalism. It proved to the Chinese that even though there were many countries slowly taken over China, that they were still their own nation, and they weren't going to let anymore foreign influence into China. The flags also symbolized militarism, because where ever there were two different flags in the same area conflicts arose. When these conflicts arose they often resulted in the militaries getting involved. These militaries were the foreign militaries in China and the Chinese nationalist military. All of these stemmed back the imperialism that was brought to China. The flags also symbolized the imperialism of the foreign nations in China. Every non Chinese flag was a symbol of the imperialism in China. This imperialism stemmed back to the Opium Wars were when the treaties were made countries like Britain able to setup colonies in China. All of the flags in the movie symbolized either nationalism, militarism or imperialism in China, which was all caused by China loss of all of the Opium Wars against the European nations.

lab assignment 1 Essay

lab assignment 1 Essay lab assignment 1 Essay Ecology 1. Research topic is ambiguous from topic sentence at first. But as I read through the abstract, it becomes more clear that the article is going to talk about as relationship between Cavalria major and dodo birds in an island called Mauritius, related to coevolution. So I think the author introduces the topic in clear terms. 2. The author introduces what Calvaria major is, how it used to be germinated in the past in presence of dodo, and relationship between extinction of Calvaria major germination and dodo. However, it would have been easier to follow his article if he briefly had described definition of mutualism and coevolution for non-science major students. The author implies that the extinction of dodo results in Calvaria major’s incapability to be germinated, based on which his hypothesis is postulated. Thus it is easy to follow the paper’s summary. 3. When dodo bird was extinct in the past, Calvaria major started to become extinct in the island because the seed of Calvaria was not able to be germinated, which required lots of force so that its seed coat was peeled off. 4. His idea is that the dodo bird’s digestive tract is strong enough to abrade the seed coat of Calvaria major, which results in germination, but now that dodo bird is extinct, the seed coat fails to be germinated, which leads to decrease number of Calvaria major. However, as he notes that Dodo bird was extinct almost 300 years ago, I am highly skeptical how Calvaria major is still existing today because the tree should be also extinct too during 300 years. Therefore, he needs to provide the average life span of the tree that is enough for Calvaria major so that he proves the dodo is the strong factor that influences the germination of the tree. Otherwise, it is impossible to explain how the tree is still extant today, which should have been extinct long times ago. 5. Treatment is that based on the formula he postulates, he calculates how much force would be generated by dodo, and then sees if the force generated is enough to abrade the seed coat withstand force. Control is different weight of turkey that is replaced with dodo. Since dodo bird is extinct today, the means to test his hypothesis is very limited. 6. As a result, the seed coat withstand force is generally stronger than force generated by dodo. Yet, only after the seed is retained in digestive tract for long time, is the

Learning Moral Values in College Movies

Learning Moral Values in College Movies Read how college movies can teach moral values. Organized youth groups, sports clubs, church organizations promote traditional moral values through peer interaction and learning the social consequences of a particular behavior. Similarly, moral values are promoted through mass media communication such as television, videos, songs, and movies by offering different models of behavior and their corresponding rewards or punishment. Movies are not simply entertainment as they expose people to social norms and life experiences. They are normally presented with themes and characters displaying value-laden principles and taking moral decisions that are influential in shaping or modifying a person’s value system. Movies displaying immorality such as crimes, violence against women, homosexuality, and others are likely to influence their audience moral values negatively.  Movies are important elements in youth’s socialization and reinforcement of values learned from home and school. For example, study shows that cowboy heroes in movies unintentionally convey socially significant information that influences values, attitudes, and beliefs of young people. Life Lessons in College Movies There are a number of movies set in college with moral value.  In 1994 for example, the movie With Honors is about an arrogant Harvard student (played by American-Canadian actor Brendan Frazer) who loses the only copy of his thesis  which he later found in the hands of a homeless but street-smart older man. The conflict began when the homeless man used the thesis as leverage for some favors. The egotistical and antagonistic Harvard senior student tried but failed to outsmart the situational intelligence and shrewd resourcefulness of the street smart and finally agrees to negotiate. The movie according to some reviews is a thoughtful representation of life with a moral value that people should do what makes them happy. The Harvard student negotiating for his thesis is at first snobbish and insufferable but mature and becomes sympathetic to the pain and suffering of the homeless man. Find more interesting information: How Human Dignity Is Valued in Academic Sphere Can We Actually Rewrite a Film? Most good college movies explore social and moral issues and teach important life lessons. One of them is the 1998 dark comedy film Dead Man on Campus, the story of college studious student (Josh) who is led astray by his roommate’s (Cooper) carefree lifestyle. Initially, the movie explores the economic reality of getting a college education and consequences of neglecting your studies. For instance, Josh gets into college on a scholarship that requires him to get a passing grade each semester. Cooper’s college education, on the other hand, is funded by his father despite consistent failing grade. Lost in Cooper’s partying world, the normally studious Josh failed to pass all his mid-term exams and facing a loss of scholarship. Similarly, Cooper’s father finally discovers his son’s lack of concern in passing the course and threatens to stop the funding if Cooper fails again. Facing a similar dilemma, they found a solution in an unusual academic rule where roommate of a student who commits suicide gets a perfect grade but it didn’t work. The problem was resolved when the school gives Josh (who commit a fake suicide attempt over the bridge) a second chance while Cooper, (a hero to his father as he allegedly convinced Josh to abandon his plan) maintained the funding. However, they learned the lessons well as both became more serious in their studies.

U03a1 Project Current Environment Analysis Essay

U03a1 Project Current Environment Analysis - Essay Example Various tools are used in strategic management planning process including SWOT analysis, PEST analysis, Scenario Planning, Competitive Analysis, and Chain Analysis. Firstly, it would be better to deploy SWOT analysis method to analyze the health care organization’s current environment. The organization has long years’ working experience and it seems to be the most potential competitive advantage of the BAMC (Murgo, Westerhof, Giolma, and Altobelli). This health care organization started its operations in 1879 as a small medical dispensary. Presently, it is the only Level I trauma center in the MEDCOM. Under BRAC 2005, the BAMC has decided to expand its inpatient services with intent to improve the health care quality. In addition, the organization offers nuclear medicine service, PET/CT, SPECT/CT, and molecular imaging and other therapy services; these distinctive services add to the BAMC’s potential strengths. In the opinion of Treasure, Rainer, and Sadler, medi cal readiness and training weaknesses are the most obvious limitations of the Brooke Army Medical Center. Since the medical readiness and training are the crucial elements in determining the degree of efficacy of a health care organization, those issues may adversely affect the growth of BAMC. The BAMC began the construction of its Consolidated Tower (CoTo) in 2009; this facility would meet the infrastructure requirements of administrative department, outpatient pediatric clinic, SICU, CCU, expanded Emergency and Trauma department, psychiatric nursing units, and USAISR Burn Unit (â€Å"US Army†). Hence, this addition would be a potential opportunity for the BAMC to get closer to its expansional objectives. However, it seems that staffing shortage especially; nurse shortage has been challenging the long term sustainability of the organization. Currently, the US president Barack Obama is planning

Afshar tribe of Iran Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Afshar tribe of Iran - Essay Example The exact ethnic breakdown of Iran is unknown as there are no official numbers; however some international organizations have made estimates. The estimates are as following: Persians (65%), Azerbaijani (16Â  %), Kurds (7%), Lurs (6%), Arabs (2%), Baluchi (2%), Turkmens (1%), Turkic tribal groups such as the Qashqai (1%), and non-Iranian, non-Turkic groups such as Armenians, Assyrians, and Georgians (less than 1%). According to them Persian is spoken as a mother tongue by at least 65% of the population and as a second language by a large proportion of the remaining 35%. Afshars, also called Avshar are a branch of the Turkic Oghuz groups. These originally nomadic Oghuz tribes moved from Central Asia through Iran, Afghanistan, Syria, and finally most of them s ettled in Anatolia. Beginning from the 9th century, they started migrating towards west. Avshars are believed to have entered Anatolia after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. They settled in various places in Anatolia. During the Mongol invasion in the following period, some Avshar tribes migrated to Syria and later formed what was called Halep Turkmens, which eventually migrated back to Anatolia and settled there. The Afshar tribes of Iran are two distinct Turkic-speaking ethnic groups. The larger group is concentrated in the north of the country, and the smaller in the south. Afshar or Afshari, is a Turkic language spoken in Turkey, Syria, parts of Afghanistan and Iran. It is considered by many to be a dialect of Turkish. Living in the northeastern Azarbaijan province, Shahsevans (renamed II Sevan after the victory of Islamic Revolution) were organized by Shah Abbas I in the 17th century as a militia from tribes of diverse origin. Mainly Turkish speaking, they were used to put down rebellions of other tribes. They were divided between Iranian Azarbaijan and the Russian or former Soviet Azarbaijan after the occupation of part of our country by the aggressive Russian

Inclusive Education Essay Example for Free

Inclusive Education Essay Inclusive Education refers to educational institutions and systems that accommodate all children to develop their cognitive and intellectual skills. The diversity of the children poses a challenge for the system as the main goal of the program is to ensure all children learn and partake in the educational experience of the program. The teachers, school and the system itself has be transformed to accommodate the varied educational needs of the children in the program. This means that the system should not disregard each child’s own character in the process of learning. For this to be possible, the system should determine the different barriers and factors that affect the learning processes of the individuals. Inclusive education breaks the different barriers to include children who are then excluded from the mainstream school systems groups. Though placing the excluded children in the mainstream educational system does not guarantee results of inclusiveness, the system must greatly lay its key principles and practices to be effective. Inclusive education is guided by principles which are determined to meet the goals of the program to include all children in the mainstream educational system. The right of a child to inherent education on the basis of equality and opportunity is given in the Constitution as a basic right of the child. The parameters that all children are included in the mainstream educational system means that no child shall be discriminated upon on all aspects, such as race, sex, religion, disability and others. There is also the realization that all children can learn and benefit from education and the educational institutions must adapt to the needs of the children in their different learning process mechanisms. The right of the children to be different from one another no matter whatever views or opinions they may have should also be given utmost attention by educators. And educators, as persons responsible for honing their intellectual and cognitive skills are addressed with a wide and flexible options. The inclusive schools must be aware that the concept of inclusive education is not a process and can not have immediate results. Key players of the program, like the children, parents and the community must have an active participation in the process. The system must determine the diversity of the children, and how to address them by lessening the barriers. The system must always be in the pursuit to provide accessible curriculum for the children, program and training for the teachers, and continuously gather information and support not only to the children but also to the children. . Benefits of the Inclusive Education Researches show the benefits of inclusive education. Teachers are different in their own ways. They have different teaching practices and methods that suits both able and disabled children. The program of including disabled children into the mainstream educational system poses a challenge to educators as though their needs are different; the educator must be able to teach them in the same way they teach the children without disabilities. All the children greatly benefits from the diversity because the socialization process is unique and conducive for the children’s’ communication and interaction skills. The children will learn different things from one another, even build friendship from the experience. Involving the disabled with the non-disabled peers allows the children to realize that there are no significant differences between them. This will greatly help the children face the reality of living in the real world. The disabled students will then be able to realize that their worth are appreciated and not looked upon in the classroom. This will help their confidence and trust in themselves. The educators must also enforce positive modeling in the classroom for the children to accept their differences for them to get along more. In a three day Disability Knowledge and Research conference in Bangladesh in May 2005, the Executive Director for Center for Services and Information on Disability was quoted saying that â€Å"Inclusive education is about children. They must be at the center of our discussions and represented in our research. † (Trott 2005. ) (www. disabilitykar. net) This strengthened the motivation of over 60 participants from Asia, America and European nations of the conference to promote the inclusive education program. This aims to convene all advocates of Inclusive Education in to reaching the goal of integrating the mainstream educational system with the excluded children. Some studies had been made to determine the effectiveness of the program and how the educational system needs to adopt this system. In 1995, a National Study of Inclusive Education report of NCERI in school districts in 9 states in the US shows how the inclusive education program will greatly benefit the children throughout the country. The research reported positive changes in the students, increased independence among themselves and self-esteem. Their academic skills also improved along with the children’s communication skills. In 1997, researchers Lipsky and Gartner conclude that the data they have gathered had shown the positive trend of improvement from different aspects such as the children’s academic skills, social skills and their behavior. (2004 . ) (http://www. projectchoices. org/faqBenefits. aspx) The report strengthens the advocacy of the Inclusive Education program to be implemented in the country. Another research done in the year 1994-1995 by Staub and Peck(2004 . ) (http://www. projectchoices. org/faqBenefits. aspx) discovered the common concerns of the program for the children and the education system. These are: the academic performance of the nondisabled children, the time and attention given by the teacher, and the disabled students learning undesirable behavior from students with disabilities. The report will help in determining the boundaries of the inclusive education program and will allow the formulation of solutions for the problems mentioned. It should be noted that the program must be able to focus on both the disabled and nondisabled students learning processes. The educators must also find a balance in which they can attend to the needs of the children, though differently, this must be addressed to the teachers. The third concern deals with how the differences between the children are able to influence one another. The children learn things from their peers, and it is of great concern for the program to limit the bad influences from the children. The earlier research focus on the how the program will affect the children. The results have found no supporting conclusions for Staub and Peck’s research determining the three main concerns of the program. The researchers did another study in which they were able to determine the benefits of inclusive education. The program reduces the fear of differences between human, in particular children, because of increased comfort and awareness of one another. There has also been growth in social cognition as the differences in each person were made aware. The self-concept, or what is perceived as to be the true concept of a persons’ self, has improved. The program also develops personal principles and friendship among the children amidst of their differences. (2004 . ) (http://www. projectchoices. org/faqBenefits. aspx)

Teen Pregnancy Essay example -- Teenage Pregnancy Essays

Every year approximately one million teenage girls become pregnant in the United States. Of theses pregnancies only 13 percent are intended. As a result, about a third of these teens abort their pregnancies, another 14 percent lose their pregnancies to miscarriage, and the remaining 52 percent teens bear children. Of the half-a-million teens that give birth annually, 72 percent are unmarried and 75 percent are giving birth for the first time. More than 175,000 of these new moms are age 17 years or younger. The teen pregnancy rate in the United States is higher than most other industrialized countries and is ten times as high as the rate of Japan and the Netherlands. Although the pregnancy rate for teenagers has been reduced in the past twenty years, the number of teenagers has increased and therefore so has the number of teen pregnancies and births (www.agi-usa.org/pubs/fb_teen_sex.html). Throughout the years, the issue of teenage pregnancy has continued to be a controversial topic in many arenas including national politics and welfare reform, the media, educational institutions, the public health movement, and religious institutions. It is therefore important to look at policy implications for teen mothers and their children. Teenage pregnancy has become an important public policy issue as it has been defined as a social problem rather than an individual concern. Policy intervention regarding teenage pregnancy will only be useful if it were determined that reducing teen pregnancy and motherhood would improve the lives of teen mothers, their children, and society at large. Although there are several health risks and biological problems related to teenage pregnancy, some of the strongest concern... ...gnition for the very hard task they face. There are many ways that society and policy can support teen moms and their children so that the cycle of poverty in not perpetually repeated and everyone can have a fair chance to reach their potential in society. Works Cited A National Strategy to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. http://aspe.os.dhhs.gov/hsp/teenp/intro.htm Facts in Brief: Teen Sex and Pregnancy, 1999. http://www.agi-usa.org/pubs/fb_teen_sex.html Issues in Brief; Risks and Realities of Early Childbearing Worldwide www.agi-usa.org/pubs/ib10.html Klepinger, Daniel, Shelly Lunderberg and Robert Plotnick. "Adolescent Fertility and the Educational Attainment of Young Women." Family Planning Perspectives. Vol. 27, No. 1; January/February 1995. Poverty and Teenage Pregnancy. http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/n/nxd10/adparent2.htm#Mastrocola Teen Pregnancy Essay example -- Teenage Pregnancy Essays Every year approximately one million teenage girls become pregnant in the United States. Of theses pregnancies only 13 percent are intended. As a result, about a third of these teens abort their pregnancies, another 14 percent lose their pregnancies to miscarriage, and the remaining 52 percent teens bear children. Of the half-a-million teens that give birth annually, 72 percent are unmarried and 75 percent are giving birth for the first time. More than 175,000 of these new moms are age 17 years or younger. The teen pregnancy rate in the United States is higher than most other industrialized countries and is ten times as high as the rate of Japan and the Netherlands. Although the pregnancy rate for teenagers has been reduced in the past twenty years, the number of teenagers has increased and therefore so has the number of teen pregnancies and births (www.agi-usa.org/pubs/fb_teen_sex.html). Throughout the years, the issue of teenage pregnancy has continued to be a controversial topic in many arenas including national politics and welfare reform, the media, educational institutions, the public health movement, and religious institutions. It is therefore important to look at policy implications for teen mothers and their children. Teenage pregnancy has become an important public policy issue as it has been defined as a social problem rather than an individual concern. Policy intervention regarding teenage pregnancy will only be useful if it were determined that reducing teen pregnancy and motherhood would improve the lives of teen mothers, their children, and society at large. Although there are several health risks and biological problems related to teenage pregnancy, some of the strongest concern... ...gnition for the very hard task they face. There are many ways that society and policy can support teen moms and their children so that the cycle of poverty in not perpetually repeated and everyone can have a fair chance to reach their potential in society. Works Cited A National Strategy to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. http://aspe.os.dhhs.gov/hsp/teenp/intro.htm Facts in Brief: Teen Sex and Pregnancy, 1999. http://www.agi-usa.org/pubs/fb_teen_sex.html Issues in Brief; Risks and Realities of Early Childbearing Worldwide www.agi-usa.org/pubs/ib10.html Klepinger, Daniel, Shelly Lunderberg and Robert Plotnick. "Adolescent Fertility and the Educational Attainment of Young Women." Family Planning Perspectives. Vol. 27, No. 1; January/February 1995. Poverty and Teenage Pregnancy. http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/n/nxd10/adparent2.htm#Mastrocola

Economic Order Quantity model (EOQ) and the Just-In-Time model (JIT) Essay

1.0 INTRODUCTION It is very important that successful enterprises need efficient stock control management, especially in manufacturing companies and retail distribution. In business practice, we usually use many stock control models such as the Economic Order Quantity model (EOQ) and Just-In-Time model (JIT). The purpose of this report is to indicate the rationale of EOQ and JIT models and detailed to explain the effectiveness in practice of the two models. Moreover, I decided to take the McDonald company as an example, which illustrate JIT model is being applied by McDonald company. In this report, by serious study and literature review, combined with refer to relevant books, search useful information from internet and my personal idea. I have examined concepts of EOQ and JIT models. Followed by discuss the rationale of them, and illustrate effectiveness of the two models in practice that we may fully understand the importance of EOQ and JIT systems in company’s daily operation. Finally, use JIT system in McDonald Company is presented. 2.0 THE ECONOMIC ORDER QUANTITY MODEL AND JUST-IN-TIME MODEL 2.1 Definition 2.1.1 Economic Order Quantity model The Economic Order Quantity stock control model also called the economic lot size or economic production quantity, it affirms that â€Å"the optimal quantity of an inventory item to order at any time is that quantity that minimizes total inventory costs over planning period† (Horne and Wachowicz 1995, p.271). 2.1.2 Just-In-Time model The Just-In-Time stock control model â€Å"is an integrated set of activities designed to achieve high-volume production using minimal inventories of raw materials, work-in-process, and finished goods† (Aquilano et al. 2004, p.426). 3.0 THE BASIC ECONOMIC ORDER QUANTITY MODEL In 1913, F. W. Harris developed an EOQ model which has been applied widely. This model is being used in planning the purchase raw materials, and suppliers, and in planning purchases for wholesalers and retailers who resell products. 3.1 Assumptions of EOQ Model It is necessary to the inventory management that EOQ model is one of the most commonly approach. Use this model is relatively simple, however, according to Heizer and Render (2001, p.481), it must based on the following assumptions or conditions: Rate of demand is constant, known and independent. Lead time is certainty and constant, therefore, when the stock down to zero, the stock could be added at a precise time. Quantity discounts are impossible. The stock is immediate and complete. If ordered goods are in appropriate time, shortages can be prevent. Setup cost and holding or carrying cost are belong to variable costs. 3.2 The Objective of EOQ Model â€Å"The objective of the EOQ model is to determine the optimal quantity of inventory to order and the best time to place the order† (Dyclcman et al. 1990, p.630). In fact, the EOQ is balancing two inventory management costs: carrying cost and ordering costs. Dyclcman et al. argue (1990): Carrying costs include out-of-pocket costs such as storage, insurance, taxes and so on. Opportunity costs is related to the cost of investing capital in inventory rather than in other income-producing assets. Ordering costs include out-pf-pocket expenditures incurred every time an order is placed, such as handling, shipping, and so on. Dyclcman et al. (1990) make a further statement: Carrying costs and ordering costs demonstrate different cost behaviors relative to the level of inventory maintained. Carrying costs increase with the quantity of inventory maintained; ordering costs decrease with the quantity of inventory maintained. The more inventory kept on hand, the more storage, handling, and other such carrying costs are incurred. The larger the amount of inventory, the fewer number of orders needed to replenish the inventory and the smaller the amount of ordering costs. 3.3 Validity of the assumptions and model robustness Although the assumption of EOQ model shows highly restrictive, one advantage of EOQ model is that it is quite robust. As mentioned onwards, there are some assumptions will be dropped, like no quantity discounts, no shortages, no uncertainty in demand and lead time. On the other hand, â€Å"such as a constant demand rate and a constant holding cost per unit, can be violated somewhat without substantially reducing the accuracy of the solution† (Martinich 1997, p. 671). When the demand face seasonal changes, model can be changed to adapt to this situation. Martinich (1997) stated clearly: The important feature of EOQ model is that the function of total stocking cost is flat around the optimal order quantity. Estimating ordering cost per unit time and holding cost per unit time are very crucial, because they are not often very accurate. Therefore, the value computed for EOQ cannot equal the true optimal value. â€Å"However, because of the flatness of the total stocking cost function, even if the computed EOQ is 20%-30% different from the true optimal, the cost penalty is relatively small†(Martinich 1997, p.671). Robust is defined as â€Å"a model that gives satisfactory answers even with substantial variation in its parameters† (Heizer and Render 2001, p.486). As we mentioned above, it is difficult to decide accurate ordering costs and holding costs for inventory management. Thus, a robust model is very favorable and some errors do not cost us very much. This is because that the EOQ model is most convenient and it can accurately forecast demand, holding cost, and ordering cost is limited. 3.4 Fixed Order Point versus Fixed Order Interval Policy EOQ model is an approach of the fixed order point policy. According to Ellram et al. (1998, p.128): Throughout the ordering process, as long as the EOQ model was identified, a fixed quantity will be ordered every time. â€Å"An order is placed when inventory on hand reaches a predetermined minimum level necessary to satisfy demand during the order cycle.† An order will be generated through the automated inventory management system. Another reorder policy is the fixed order interval method. Use this method, we may set time interval, maybe every week. Under this method, many projects are bought by the same supplier. â€Å"A weekly order may be placed to reduce ordering costs and take advantages of purchase volume discounts and freight consolidation.† 4.0 JUST-IN-TIME PRODUCTION SYSTEM As we all know, the most effective stock management approach is JIT production control system over the past 50 years. The system is currently being used by many industries. 4.1 JIT Logic For the purpose of JIT system, it intend to use minimum inventories of raw materials, process of production, and finished goods to achieve high output. Need is based on the occurrence of product’s actual demand, otherwise nothing will be produced. Theoretically, if an item is sold, the market will pull a substitute in the system. â€Å"This triggers an order to the factory production line, where a worker then pulls another unit from an upstream station in the flow to replace the unit taken† (Aquilano et al. 2004, p.427). Then this upstream station pulls to further upstream and back to release of raw materials. To make this pull process more smoothly, JIT need high quality in every procedure, strong supplier relationships, and a very clearly demand for the final product. 4.2 Feature of JIT production system In JIT production system, Black et al. (1996, p.842) argue that it include three key features: 1). Operation of production line is based on demand-pull, as a result, each workstation’s activity is subject to the approval of the demand of downstream workstations. There are many approaches to use demand-pull feature, but the most common method is Kanban system which is the Japanese term for a visual record or card. Under Kanban system, use a kanban card to operate to authorized another operation to produce a given part of the special quantity. Black et al. (1996) provide an example: â€Å"suppose the assembly department of a muffler manufacture receives an order for 10 mufflers. The assembly department triggers productions of the 10 metal pipes it needs to make the 10 mufflers by sending a kanban card to the machining department, which then begins producing the pipes. When production is completed, the machining department attaches the kanban card to the box containing the mental pipes and ships the package downstream to the assembly department, which starts the cycle over again when it receives the next customer order.† 2). Each unit including the setup time and manufacturing lead time are minimized. When a product is prepare to begin in production line, then turned into finished products, the process of the elapse of the time is known as manufacturing lead time. Production of demand normally produced relatively small quantities, however, as long as setup times are small, it is cost-effective to produce product in small quantities. 3). If parts have defective and insufficient, the production line will cease operation. Each staff should attach great importance to reducing the occurrence of such problems like defective material parts. Conversely, under the traditional inventory management system, workers can ignore defective parts and continue to work because the inventory parts and work in process are huge. Hirsch et al. (1989, p.746) take a similar view, they have also added an important argument that total quality control (TQC) is often combined with JIT system. All the staff have become quality control inspection personnel, meanwhile, if products and materials are found to be not meeting quality standard, the production line should suspend operation. As long as this situation happened, it must be resolved as soon as possible. It means that workers have not impetus to ignore the fault in the early of production process stage, they had to stop their work process. 4.3 JIT Costing The fundamental difference between JIT method and other traditional methods is the treatment of the costs. According to Hirsch et al. (1989, p.746), under the traditional approach of costing, raw materials or reserves firstly get into an asset account, when they are transported. After these amounts are transferred into a work-in process account, they will be put into operation as raw materials. â€Å"Then, as the materials move from process to process they pass through a series of work-in-process accounts for each operation.† Eventually, when the product inventory through work-in-process account transfer to finished product inventory account. â€Å"With JIT the incoming materials are entered at cost directly into a material and work-in-process inventory account.† There is no series of work-in-process accounts for each process because there is very little work-in-process to account for. The value of material is diverted to finished product inventory account because the product has been completed. 4.4 JIT Purchasing In JIT purchasing, suppliers use the replacement principle of Kanban by using small, standard-size containers and make several shipments daily to each customer. JIT not only reduces in-process inventories by using Kanban, but also raw materials inventories are reduced by applying the same principles to suppliers as well. According to Frazier and Gaither (2001): the elements of JIT purchasing are as following: 1). Supplier development and supplier relations undergo fundamental changes. The nature of the relationships between customers and suppliers shifts from being adversarial to being cooperative. The Japanese call these relationships subcontractor networks and refer to suppliers as co-producers. 2). Purchasing departments develop long-term relationships with suppliers. The result is long-term supply contracts with a few suppliers rather than short-term supply contracts with many suppliers. 3). Although price is very important, delivery schedules, product quality, and mutual trust and cooperation become the primary basis of supplier selection. 4). Suppliers are encouraged to extend JIT approach to their own suppliers. 5). Suppliers are ordinarily located near the buying firm’s factory, or if they are some distance from the factory, they are often clustered together. This causes lead times to be shorter and more reliable. 6). Shipments are delivered to the customer’s production line directly. Because suppliers are encouraged to produce and supply parts at a steady rate that matches the use rate of the buying firm, company-owned hauling equipment tends to be preferred. 7). Parts are delivered in small, standard-size containers with a minimum of paperwork and in exact quantities. 8). Delivered material is of near-perfect quality. Because suppliers have a long-term relationship with the buying firms and because parts are delivered in small lot sizes, the quality of purchased materials tends to be higher. 5.0 THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EOQ MODEL IN PRACTICE 5.1 Examination of EOQ Assumptions In the practice of business arena, although EOQ model enable to generate many good results, many limitations of EOQ model is combined with its own assumptions. Schroeder (1993, p.592) argued as following: 1). In practice, demand is assumed to be constant, but in many cases demand is shifty. 2). The unit cost is assumed constant, in practice, however, normally if the purchase of large quantities, it will gain quantities discounts. â€Å"This case needs a modification of the basic EOQ model and is treated in the chapter supplement.† 3). The material in the lot is assumed to arrive all at once, but in some cases material will be placed in inventory continuously as it is produced. This case is also treated in the supplement. 4). A single product is assumed, however, sometimes several projects were purchased through a single provider. Meanwhile they are being shipped at one time. 5). Suppose the setup cost is static, as a matter of fact, it is always decreased. These assumptions have been pointed out to illustrate the limitation of the basic EOQ model, nevertheless it is useful approximation in practice. The formula at least â€Å"puts you in the ballpark†, provided the assumptions are reasonably accurate. In addition, the total-cost curve is rather flat in the region of the minimum. Therefore the EOQ can be adjusted somewhat to conform to reality without greatly affecting the costs. The EOQ formula can also offer insight into economic behavior of inventories. For example, traditional turnover arguments suggest that inventory should increase directly with sales if a constant turnover ratio is desired. Since turnover is the ratio of sales to inventory, a doubling of sales will allow a doubling of inventory if the turnover rate is held constant. But the EOQ formula suggests that inventory should increase only with the square root of sales. This indicates that it is net economical to maintain a constant turnover ratio as sales increase; a higher turnover is indeed justified. It is important for financial manager that fully understand limitations and assumptions of the EOQ model will offer a strong base of making stock management decision. 5.2 EOQ Model Extension Obviously, through the above discussion, some assumptions of EOQ model are impractical. In order to make this model more useful, it is necessary to extension for EOQ model. Besley and Brigham (2005, pp.602-603) state clearly: To begin with, if there is a delay between the time inventory is ordered and  when it is received, the company have to reorder before it use up inventory. To avoid this, the firm can carry safety stock, which means â€Å"additional inventory carried to guard against unexpected changes in sales rates or production/shipping delays.† The amount of safety stock a company holds generally increase with a) the uncertainty of demand forecasts, b) the costs (in term of lost sales and lost goodwill) that result from stockouts, and c) the chances that delay will occur in receiving shipments. The amounts of safety stock decreases as the cost of carrying this additional inventory increase. Moreover, a company should consider when determining appropriate inventory level is whether its supplier provides discounts to purchase large quantities. It is unrealistic to suppose that the demand for the inventory is uniform in the year, the  EOQ model should not be based on an annual to applying. More appropriate approach should divide the year into the seasons like the spring, the summer, the fall, and the winter which sales are relatively constant; then the EOQ model can be applied separately to each periods. 6.0 THE EFFECTIVENESS OF JIT IN PRACTICE In practice, we have already found that JIT system have its potential benefits and its problems. It is important to use that fully comprehension the merits and the problems of JIT system. 6.1 Typical Benefits of JIT Meredith and Shafer (2002, p.351) deem that JIT provide various advantage in real operation: Cost savings. There are many approaches to save cost. Such as inventory reduction, reduced scrap, fewer defect, less space, fewer changes due to both customers and engineering, decreased labor hours, less rework, reduced rework, and other such effects. Total savings range in the neighborhood of  20 to 25 percent, with significantly higher savings on individual categories such as inventory and defects. Revenue increases. Through high-quality product and satisfactory service to customers, revenue will be increased. Short lead time and rapidly reply to meet customer’s need lead to better margins and higher sales. The rapid research and development of new products and service will bring more revenues. Investment savings. Investment is saved through three primary effects. First, less space is needed for the same capacity. Second, inventory is reduced to the point that turns run about 50 to 100 a year. Third, the volume of work produced in the same facility is significantly increased, frequently by as much as 100 percent. Workforce improvement. JIT company’s employees are more satisfied with their work. They prefer the teamwork it demands, and they like the fact the fewer problems arise. They are also better trained for the flexibility and skills needed with JIT, and they enjoy the growth they experience in their jobs. â€Å"All this translates into better, more productive work.† Uncovering problems. One of the unexpected benefits is the greater visibility to problems that JIT allows, if management is willing to capitalize on the chance to fix these problems. In trying to speed up a process, all types of difficulties are uncovered and most of them are various from of waste so not only is response time but also is usually zero. 6.2 Potential Problems in Implementing JIT It is important that JIT system has some problems and limitations. According to Meredith and Shafer (2002, p.353), there are some difficulties and problems as following: First of all, JIT system is do for repetitive production case, including relatively standard products. It does not applicable to custom, continuous  flow, or project situation. JIT system is not long-term operations, because it is based on the identical mixed-model plans to operation in every day. Clearly, when setups need to spend a long time, JIT will not able to run continuously. JIT system often has setups, it also has frequent shipments and receipts. Therefore the company must be prepared for this too. JIT need principle as well. Production will cease, once products are not arrive on schedule, or flaws happen. Moreover, we have no other means or time to make up for mistakes. Production system must be used correctly, workers must fulfill their work seriously, otherwise run of JIT system will fail. Principle is usually linked with supply chain. The biggest problem to successful operation of JIT system is unrealistic deliveries from suppliers. For example: Suppose X company’s two important suppliers have already gone strike for several days, X company was forced to close 10 of its plants at a cost of almost $500 million in lost profits. When an important supplier their supply, JIT is very danger if there is no backup supplier. In addition, equally serious problem is when a comprehensive delivery service goes on strike, like UPS and FEDEX strike that idled thousands of business and caused a major disruption in the economy. Although other delivery service can sometimes fill in, they often cannot bring sufficient capacity to the problem to keep JIT operating without disruption. On the other hand, JIT is based on cooperation and trust among workers, managers, suppliers, customers, and so on. The current environment must be trust and competition is not exist, or else JIT will not run successfully. Trust and cooperation must also be extended to the external such as suppliers and customers. â€Å"With suppliers, this means moving to risky, single-source contracts and bringing an outsider into the project team, where there may be proprietary secrets.† 6.3 E-Commerce and JIT Purchasing Nowadays, JIT system combined with e-commerce, making the JIT purchasing has  become better to use in practice. E-commerce has already put up a advantage to JIT purchasing. There are some merits being showed: Reduce waste of time to deal with paper work and reduce the procurement lead time; labor costs are also reduced. â€Å"The bottom line is a more efficient and effective purchasing process† (Frazier and Gaither 2001, p.477). E-commerce can drive the use of Kanban between manufacturer and suppliers. Under method of Internet-based system, a manufacturer can electronically send Kanban to suppliers. E-Kanban and paper Kanban have identical functions, however they can provided to suppliers rapidly. 7.0 JIT SYSTEM IN MCDONALD COMPANY  ·What are the benefits for McDonald? The major benefits for McDonald are better food at a lower cost. McDonald Company has found something that allows them to improve quality and lower costs.  ·Improved Quality The less obvious benefit is the higher quality customer service that arises from the JIT burger assembly. When McDonald waits for you to order the burger, they do a few things to improve customer service. First of all, when you place a special order, it does not send McDonald’s into a panic that causes huge delays. Now that McDonald company is in the practice of waiting until you order a burger until they make it, they don’t freak out when they have to make a special order fresh just for you. This higher quality customer service is subject to McDonald ability to produce faster. Without this ability, McDonald’s ordering costs would be sky-high because the costs associated with ordering would be the loss of customers tired of ordering fast food that really isn’t fast. Second, JIT allows McDonald to adapt to demand a little bit better. Seemingly, lower inventory levels would cause McDonald’s bigger problems in a higher demand because they wouldn’t have their safety stock. However, because they can produce burgers in a record time, they don’t have to worry about their pre-made burger inventories running out in the middle of an exceptionally busy shift.  ·Lower Costs In McDonald, the holding costs for burger parts (beef, cheese, whatever other garbage they put on their burgers) are fairly high because of their spoilage costs. Frozen ground beef that’s good today might not be so good in a few months. Once cooked, the same ground beef’s spoilage rate shoots through the roof. Instead of having a shelf life of months or weeks, the burger needs to be sold within 15 minutes or so. The holding costs go from roughly 20% per week to 100% per hour.  ·Why use JIT? According to argument of Inventory management review (2005):  ·Economic Order Quantity Savings A large benefit of JIT is that it reduces the total cost of ordering and holding inventory. High holding costs is the nature of the fast food industry. JIT system allowed them to exploit the savings that were realized by holding less inventory. High holding costs and low ordering costs are the factors that drive JIT. Generally, it’s the ability to lower ordering costs that make it a feasible solution. McDonald was slave to the high holding costs. It was just the nature of their industry. The solution for them was that while they couldn’t lower holding costs, they could lower ordering costs. EOQ determines how much you should order and there are two factors that drive economic order quantities down: low ordering costs and high holding costs. Depending on the product and the industry, one or both of these qualities may exist in your operations. If they do, JIT may be right for you. Without the ability to make ordering costs low as a percentage of holding costs,  then there is no need for JIT. In fact, the increased frequency in ordering will result in cost increases.  ·Safety Stock Reductions The other aspect of JIT is the drastic reduction in safety stock. Two reasons result in safety stock exist: variability in demand and variability in lead times from suppliers (for McDonald company, the supplier is the internal production process). If lead time is shorter, which JIT tries to accomplish, then this part of the safety stock is smaller, this lowering safety stock inventory. McDonald company is accomplished this by creating a system that allowed a faster burger production (McDonald’s lead times are internal). On the other hand, If lead time has no variance or is reduced, then this term can be eliminated or at least reduced. Again, this is what JIT try to accomplish. McDonald company is accomplished by standardizing production. McDonald Company fully understand that a considerable amount of work needs to be done with suppliers/internal operations in order to accomplish the tasks of shortening lead times and reducing their variances. McDonald company has the resource to implement JIT system successfully. However, in competitive industries, JIT is not optimal for all the firms. JIT, like most management accounting techniques, is not a universal panacea, and some firms find it profitable like McDonald, Walmart, and so on; some are not. 8.0 CONCLUSION It should be said that stock management is prominent aspect of working capital management. For the purpose of control stock level, most of companies use EOQ and JIT models in practice. Efficiency gains in inventory management can bring significant improvement to overall company financial performance. However, no model has been fully satisfactory. The two models have advantages and disadvantages respectively. In general, although each  model will work well in certain environments, they may not work well in other environments. An inappropriate choice of system can be expensive mistake. Thus, it can be concluded that each company should choose own different stock control model with its own conditions and efficient inventory management can lead to better planning and business control. LIST OF REFERENCE Eric Smith, Joseph G. Louderback III, and Maurice. Hirsch 1989, _Cost Accounting in Australia: Accumulation, Analysis, and Use_, Published by Thomas Nelson, p.746. Richard B. Chase, F. Robert Jacobs, and Nicholas J. Aquilano 2004, _Operations Management for Competitive Advantage_, 10th edn., McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, pp.426-427. Jay Heizer and Barry Render 2001, _Operations Management_, Prentice-Hall Inc. New Jersey, pp.481-486. Joseph S. Martinich 1997, _Production and Operations Management: An Applied Modern Approach_, John Wiley & Sons Inc., p. 671. Lisa M Ellram, Douglas M. Lambert, and James R. Hock 1998, _Fundamental of Logistics Management_, Irwin/McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, p. 128. Charles T. H Orngren, George Foster, Srikant M. Datar, Terry Black, and Phil Gray 1996, _Cost Accounting in Australia: A Managerial Emphasis_, Prentice Hall Australia Pty Ltd., p. 842. James C. Van Horne and John M. Wachowicz Jr. 1995, _Fundamental of Financial Management_, Prentice-Hall International Inc., p. 271. Roger G. Schroeder 1993, _Operations Management: Decision Making in the Operations Function_, 4th edn., McGraw-Hill International Inc., p. 592. Scott Besley and Eugene F. Brigham 2005, _Essentials of Managerial Finance_, 13th edn., South-Western Thomson Publishing Company, pp. 602-603. Jack R. Meredith and Scote M Shafer 2002, _Operations Management for MBAs_, John Willey & Sons Inc., pp.351-353. Greg Frazier and Norman Gaither 2001, _Operations Management_, 9th edn., South-Western Publishing Company, pp.476-477. Inventory Management Review 2005, viewed 5 June 2007, . Thomas R. Dyclcman, Harold Bierman, and Reonald W. Hilton 1990, _Cost Accounting: Concepts and Managerial Application_, Pws-Kent Publishing Company, pp. 630-631.

Breach Of Contract Essay

Breach of contract simply means non performance without excuse or intrusion with other party’s performance with regards with bargained-for exchange or agreement made by one or more parties concerned. The claimant or the complainant in cases of breach of contract is said to be a plaintiff. It refers to a party seeking for a legal remedy by initiating a charge on the court. He also seeks judgment favorable to him and appropriate from legal basis. Not every single case of breaches of contract will be automatically agreement killers or will end up in incriminate. There is what we call material and immaterial breaches. The lawsuit depends on whether it is material or immaterial and also depends on who the parties are. Immaterial breaches are simple cases which can be ignored. It can be fixed by giving opportunity for the defendant to correct and fix the breach. One case of breach of contract is the 2006 case charge against Howard Stern, American radio personality by CBS radio. The CBA radio takes legal action against their former star due to inappropriate used of radio airtime just to build up his potential employer, the Sirius Satellite Radio. And also he was charged due to gained financial reward thru the help of stock sale of CBS radio(Carter, 2006). With this case, the breach is said to be done because the allegedly defendant is of makings things out of his responsibilities and out of the agreement made. As a defense, he can simply use the issue of personal vendetta. He may say that they only using the charges just to annihilate his image as a radio star. If the breach will end up in victory for the Plaintiff, the CBS, they could attain financial payments for the said breach. Reflection Knowing the ideas on breach of contract is necessary for any business related individual as to know what to do to avoid things concerning breach of contract. Because breach of contract may happen in many ways, it is necessary for me as a business practitioner to be able to know much about this. We should know that breach of contract may happen in following cases, one is when a corporation ordered a product from me as an example and when time of delivery it will not accept it or even accept it but they won’t pay for it, I can charge them breach. Second is when corporation tries to interfere with my business which is also another case. Third is when a one of my former employee opens his own business and when gives criticisms against his my business we can also say that it is a breach. For us as a business entrepreneur, knowing the laws in a business community is an essential part especially if we are only a newcomer to the world of business. Being new does not mean we should always be ignorant of the things we should be most likely aware of. There exist a lot of things that should be known and understood with regards with our business. The topic in breach of contract is one of the noted laws in a business community that seems to have a lot of cases. By giving attention to the topic we could further think of ways how to avoid or if not meant to do so we can find ways to solve it. To be able to attain success, not just know how to make our business work out, we should always consider what the things that should be done and the things not should be done. Preparing for a business seems to be tedious but knowing the game of business can help much in business progress. References: Carter, B. (2006). CBS sues its former star for breaches of contract [Electronic Version]. Retrieved July 13, 2007 from http://www. iht. com/articles/2006/03/01/business/stern. php.

Comparison of Telephone with World Wide Web

Comparison of Telephone with World Wide Web The study under analysis called Comparison of Telephone with World Wide Web-Based Responses by Parents and Teens to a Follow-Up Survey after Injury explores sociodemographic factors concerning completion of a follow-up survey through online communications and by telephone to define health status and health quality (Rivara et al., 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of Telephone with World Wide Web-Based Responses by Parents and Teens to a Follow-Up Survey after Injury specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the results, information received solely from the World Wide Web provides biases and ambiguities, which means that data should be collected by various means to increase its reliability and validity. It is important for a research to be ethically approved which means that all researchers should have the permission for conducting different observations and surveys (Purdue Online Writing Lab, 2011 ). Most importantly, the participants should also be informed whether the interview responses will be anonymous or not. In the given study, the researchers have mentioned that all the procedures were controlled by the human subject committees. Hence, parents and children were contacted by a telephone call to inform about their admittance to a survey. However, one point of the research seems to be ethically wrong because parents and children were given monetary rewards for taking part into a survey, which means that researcher intended to get an easy access to results. However, the survey results have turned out to be objective. Overall, the course of research has been presented in a consistent way. The scholars have successfully presented all the procedures and results. Their findings are based on objective data received from the identified sources. The statistical data has also been processed accordingly. The initial information and justification of the research has also been suffi ciently presented. Overall, the hypothesis and accompanied evidence relate to the discussed topic. The research conforms to the highest ethical and academic standards. 1st Interactive Response Conny, your article analysis is quite exhaustive. You have successfully managed to define the basic hypothesis, as well as the one that has been rejected. The main idea of the article has also been defined. Further, ethical considerations are sufficiently exposed and many references have been made to valid resources to support your analysis. However, excess of direct quotes does not provide an impression of understanding the actual topic of the article. Next time, be more analytical and render the ideas in your own word to make sure that you are aware of the importance of the article. 2nd Interactive Response Cherry, the chosen article provides an insight into important cultural and economic aspects. You have managed to provide an in-depth analysis of presented issues. The displayed results re vealed a number of pitfalls concerning the quality of the conducted interviews. Specifically, understanding employed environment as well as employees’ needs, is essential for strengthening a favorable retention policy within an organization.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Due to the study of many dimensions of the workplace, it is possible to track the areas that need improvement and the ones that can be enhanced to increase productivity levels and employee’s performance. Finally, the results have provided a fresh insight into the importance of presenting statistical data for making decisions. References Purdue Online Writing Lab (2011) Ethical Considerations in Primary Research. Purdue. Retrieved from https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/purdue_owl.html Rivara, F. P., Koepsell, T. D., Wang, J., et al. (2011, June) Comparison of Telephone with World Wide Web -Based Responses by Parents and Teens to a Follow-Up Survey after Injury. Health Services Research. 46(3), 964-981.

Enigmas, Puzzles, and Riddles

Enigmas, Puzzles, and Riddles Enigmas, Puzzles, and Riddles Enigmas, Puzzles, and Riddles By Maeve Maddox On the day of the Iowa Caucus, pollster Ann Selzer made the following comment about Donald Trump: He’s just this riddle inside a puzzle. I immediately thought of Winston Churchill’s oft-repeated comment about Russia at the beginning of World War II: a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma. I couldn’t help wondering if Ms. Selzer chose the word puzzle because she felt that the general American public in 2016 were less likely to understand the word enigma than a general British public in 1939. But, I’m probably being uncharitable. Puzzle is a valid synonym for enigma, although not nearly as classy. Enigma is from Latin aenigma, â€Å"a riddle or a mystery.† The Latin noun is from a Greek verb meaning, â€Å"to speak allusively or obscurely.† Riddle is a word inherited from German. In Old English, riddle was the usual English translation of Latin aenigma and referred to what modern speakers, especially children, mean by riddle: â€Å"a question or statement intentionally phrased to require ingenuity in ascertaining its answer or meaning. For example, â€Å"How many psychiatrists does it take to change a light bulb?† Puzzle is of unknown origin. Its earliest English use was as a verb meaning, â€Å"to cause a person to be at a loss what to do; to create difficulties for someone.† The verb came to have several meanings, including these: to cause someone to feel confused because they cannot understand something. to perplex or bewilder the brain. to be at a loss how to act or decide to search in a bewildered or perplexed way The noun puzzle is derived from the verb and means â€Å"a perplexing question or a difficult problem.† It can also signify â€Å"a person who is difficult to understand.† Note: Selzer’s remark referred not so much to the man, but to his apparently inexplicable popularity with â€Å"moderate and mainstream† Republicans as well as with extremists. English has numerous words to convey something that is baffling or mentally challenging. Here are some others: mystery conundrum paradox quandary brainteaser Most are near synonyms. All imply something baffling or challenging, but they carry different connotations. A mystery invites speculation. A conundrum, like a riddle, is often phrased as a question. The answer usually involves a play on words or a twist in thinking. For example: What is greater than God, more evil than the devil, the poor have it, the rich need it, and if you eat it, youll die? (Answer: Nothing) A paradox seems absurd, but in reality expresses a certain truth. For example, â€Å"Youth is wasted on the young.† A quandary is a state of extreme perplexity. A person or a group is said to be â€Å"in a quandary,† as in this headline from The Gaffney Ledger: â€Å"Council still in a quandary over healthcare insurance.† Of the three words in the title of this post, puzzle is most frequent in a Google search (296,000,000), riddle next (140,200,000), and enigma last (64,400,000). The figure for enigma is no doubt inflated because of the popularity of the word in the entertainment industry. References to the German â€Å"enigma machine† probably also account for some of the results. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund Phrases"Have" vs "Having" in Certain ExpressionsWood vs. Wooden

Effects of Globalisation on Bolivia in the last 5 years PowerPoint Presentation

Effects of Globalisation on Bolivia in the last 5 years - PowerPoint Presentation Example In the 2009 elections, he again came in to power by winning the election with a huge margin and now making attempts to change the system of his country. Figure 1: Map of Bolivia Source: Central Intelligence Agency. The World Fact Book, 2011 Bolivian Economy: Bolivia is among the poorest and the most undeveloped country in the Latin American region. There was a devastating economic crisis in Bolivia in the early 80s but then the economic reforms were made which improved the economy as well as reduced the poverty in the country. In the time period between 2003- 2005, there was political disturbance in the country along with racial clashes mainly on the issue of export of natural gas to northern hemisphere region. In 2005, newly elected government passed the hydrocarbon law according to which the royalties were raised significantly resulting in the withdrawal of all the local companies from the sector and foreign companies started to operate in the country. In 2008 due to higher rates o f oil and gas, the surplus was significantly higher but in the later years, the economy started to decline due to following factors; i. Global Recession. ii. Decreased prices of oil and gas worldwide. iii. Poor infrastructure of the country. iv. Economic sanctions imposed by USA on Bolivia. a. GDP: Figure 2: GDP from 2000-2009 Source: Index Mundi, 2008. b. Exports and Imports: The main exports of the country include natural gas which constitutes the main financial reserve of the country and apart from this; the other exports include soybeans, crude petroleum, zinc ore and tin. Major countries which are involved in importing these items from Bolivia are Brazil which constitutes the largest export partner of Bolivia followed by USA, Japan, Columbia, South Korea and Peru. Main imports of the country include petroleum products, paper and plastics, aircrafts and their parts, ready to serve foods, automobiles and insecticides. The main partners in imports are Brazil, Argentina, USA, Chile and Peru. Figure 3: Exports of Bolivia Source: www.amchambolivia.com Figure 4: Imports of Bolivia Source: Index Mundi, 2008. c. Investment Opportunities: Direct Foreign Investment (DFI) is the main contributor to the growth in the private investment sector in the country. It has grown from 169 million US$ to about 1,000 million US$ in just seven years from 1992 to 1999. It represents about 10% of the GDP. The rapid increase in DFI in these years was basically due to process of privatization which was completed in 1999 and afterwards the DFI started to fall. In addition to this, the economic conditions got better in the neighboring countries and as a result, the DFI fell further in the years after 1999. The government from 2005 is working to have good economic conditions which support the interests of foreign investors. As a result of this commitment, irrespective of the social and political unrest in the country, GDP has grown to about 4% in last seven quarters. The overall deficit had narrowed and there was a surplus of 4.2% in 2006, the main reason for this improvement is the government policy about the hydrocarbon sector increasing its exports. Other factors include better revenue system as well as reform in